20. The essential migrant farm workers
Migrant farm workers worked in the American food supply chain throughout the 20th century, though in declining numbers after they peaked during World War II. Migrant workers provided the low-cost labor necessary throughout the farm year, planting, weeding, harvesting, and packing. Despite the mechanization of much farm labor, the industrialization of the entire food production process in the United States, they still provide a vital link during key phases of the process. Ripened tomatoes on the vine intended for supermarkets need to be harvested by hand, and quickly. Migrants perform the intensive labor, for among the lowest wages paid to any workers in the United States.
The migrant workers travel across the United States, following the work patterns of the growing seasons. Many of the fruits and vegetables grown in America need to be harvested by hand, as machinery bruises or otherwise damages the crops. Appearance is of particular concern for fresh fruits and vegetables destined for supermarkets or restaurant suppliers. Such concern isn’t present when considering tomatoes destined to become catsup or sauce at a processing plant. Throughout American history, migrant farm workers played a critical role in the building of the food distribution system, a role which is often still required.